Evaluation of individual-tree growth models for <i>Picea abies</i> based on a case study of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden

To develop recommendations for tree selection in Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF), access to valid tools simulating growth at individual tree-level is necessary. assist efforts such tools, this study, long-term observation data from two uneven-sized Norway spruce plots southern Sweden are used evaluate old and new individual-tree models (two established Swedish models, preliminary included as a reference, Finnish model). The plots’ historical management records site conditions the same, but their last thinning treatment differs. Observed diameter increment investigated relation treatment. Individual residuals of tested evaluated diameter, treatment, projection length sensitivity predictor mean stand age. Furthermore, relations between displayed basal area local competition analysed. analyses indicate that active made annual independent above threshold level, while absence supported concave relationship. All significant linear bias leading overestimation small trees’ increasing underestimations larger with diameter. distance-independent residual trends related competition.